Using the Microscope

[Guest]

DROPPINGS INTERPRETATION IN RACE SEASON

One good way of monitoring the birds’ health is by observing their droppings. As most fanciers clean their racing loft each day, simply observing the droppings during the cleaning process is a good way of monitoring the birds’ health over the previous 24 hours. Many problems that affect race performance are subclinical. This means that race form is affected before the birds actually start to look sick to the fancier. As changes in the dropping usually occur 1 - 2 days before an unwell bird starts to look sick to us, observing and effectively managing the abnormal changes in droppings does much to head off a downward turn in form.

 

Essentially, the bowel is a hollow tube into which several organs, in particular the liver, empty via ducts. The bowel terminates in the cloaca (a bag just inside the bird’s external opening). Ducts leading from the kidney also terminate here and deposit the bird’s urinary waste. Birds, interestingly, produce two sorts of urine, a liquid urine, which looks like clear water, and also a solid urine made up of a white paste of uric acid crystals. Therefore, in the cloaca accumulate the undigested remnants of food from the bowel, liquid and solid urine from the kidney and a number of normal discharges, notably bile from the liver and also mucus from the bowel wall. Once in the cloaca, some fluid is resorbed until, in health, a firm dropping, normally of a brownish colour, is produced. When the cloaca is uncomfortably full, the bird relaxes the cloacal opening and passes a dropping.

 

Green droppings

The main factor affecting the colour of a pigeon’s dropping is what it has eaten. Pigeons digest many of the pigments found in their food rather poorly and so these pass relatively unaltered through the system and colour the dropping. In this way, birds eating, for example, a lot of pink minerals, can be expected to have brownish droppings. Also birds eating greenish grain (eg dun peas) or supplemented with green vegetables (such as silver beet) or free-ranging and pecking at grass will have more green droppings. Green can, however, alert the fancier to the possibility of a problem. This is because green droppings can occur with bowel disease. The green colour comes from bile, which in birds is a brilliant fluorescent green. Bile is a digestive enzyme produced by the liver. After a number of metabolic steps, it passes from the liver down a duct (called the bile duct) into the bowel where it aids the digestive process. After digestion in the bowel, components of the bile are reabsorbed through the bowel wall for reuse. If the bowel is diseased, this process cannot occur normally, with the result that more green bile stays in the bowel and is passed in the dropping, resulting in a green dropping. Green droppings, therefore, can alert the fancier to the possibility of bowel disease. Usually, microscopic examination of a faecal smear will show the cause. There is always some bile left, which when mixed with the rest of the dropping, gives it a greenish hue. Although in the early stages of bowel disease birds can produce a firm dropping that is green, as a general rule such droppings are associated with the ingestion of non-digestible green pigments. It is always safest, however, to have a vet or technician microscopically examine a few green droppings to check that everything is okay. Because inflamed bowels not only absorb bile but also water poorly, green droppings that are also watery do, however, almost invariably point to a problem. The only notable exception here would be the droppings of recently returned race birds. Because these birds have not eaten during the race, their droppings are made up of urine, bile and bowel mucus and appear as a clear fluid ring with a small central amount of green mucousy material and white paste (the solid urine). In healthy birds, once in the loft and having eaten, their droppings should start to become normal within a few hours and unless the race was particularly taxing, should be completely normal by the next morning.

 

Watery droppings

Watery droppings occur commonly in only one of two situations, either where there is bowel disease interfering with absorption of fluid or alternatively where the urine component of the dropping is visible. A watery dropping associated with bowel disease occurs because any inflammatory condition of the bowel interferes with its function and compromises its ability to absorb fluid. The result is a watery dropping. Possibilities include infectious problems such as worms, coccidia, ‘thrush’ or a bacterial infection, while the most likely non-infectious causes are ingestion of either irritant or toxic substances either while free-lofting or associated with a change of diet. Usually an infectious cause can be detected quickly by microscopic examination of a faecal smear.

 

A watery dropping due to visible urine may or may not be a problem. As discussed above, the bowel and urinary waste accumulate in the cloaca . Here urine is absorbed by the bowel component of the dropping and some fluid is resorbed back into the body until a moist, well-formed dropping is ready to be passed. If the bird is disturbed, the cloaca will be evacuated prematurely before this process is completed. The result is a healthy dropping from a healthy bird that, because it is watery, can concern the fancier. The most common time that this is observed is after the morning exercise. Here the birds have not been fed so there is virtually no digested food in the dropping. Provided the birds are not dehydrated, urine production is constant. The birds often empty their cloaca on landing. The result is a small amount of green-brown material (mainly bile and bowel mucus), surrounded by a ring of clear water. And so a watery dropping in the morning prior to feeding, and particularly after exercise, is usually quite normal. A better time to assess the dropping is after feeding and a period of rest. As digested food starts to appear in the cloaca several hours after feeding, this acts like a sponge, mopping up the urine and cloacal emptying by the birds only occurs when the cloaca is full.

 

If droppings with urine rings persist through the day, it is probable that the birds are producing excessive urine. This occurs if the birds are drinking excessively. In a race team, this is almost invariably due to one of only two problems, namely wet canker or airsac inflammation. The wet canker organisms produce a toxin, which amongst other things makes the birds thirsty, resulting in an increased water intake, while inflamed airsacs lose their moisture-conserving ability, resulting in excess fluid loss in the expired air. To prevent dehydration, the birds need to counteract this and often overcompensate and drink to excess. A fancier can determine if wet canker is involved by organising for his local bird vet or technician to do a crop flush. If this is not possible, the condition may on occasion be diagnosed by response to treatment, eg giving a 2-day course of Turbosole (ronidazole) and monitoring the response. If there is inflammation in the deeper respiratory structures like the airsacs, there is usually also inflammation in the upper respiratory structures, such as the trachea and sinuses. This almost invariably leads to an increased level of sneezing in the loft. If there is no sneezing in a race loft, it is unlikely that a respiratory infection is active. If uncertain, a sample of mucus from the back of the throat can be examined microscopically (often done at the same time as a crop flush) which will, if a respiratory infection is present, reveal signs of inflammation and secondary infection. If infection is confirmed, usually a 3 - 5-day course of Doxy-T (doxycycline / Tylan) is given. Because approximately 80% of birds with respiratory infection during the race season also have a concurrent wet canker, often the Doxy-T and Turbosole are blended together. One teaspoon (3 g) per 2 litre of each is given in the drinking water. This blend turns the water a pale yellow colour and the birds drink it readily. By simultaneously treating any wet canker present, the response to antibiotics is always much better.

 

 

 

[Wiley]

Today was the first time i used the microscope.I felt it was amazing. I done a few tests at my droppings and i think i noticed a couple of coccidial oocyst or otherwise known as cocci eggs, not to many thank god! I havent set up the USB port to connect microscope to the pc yet!

 

However wondering if possibly a sub forum or sticky thread could be made were fanciers using the microscope can take photos of there samples and possibly ask for other people advice and what they notice as im sure everyone will miss just one thing?Just an idea as i think it will be good to help each other out?As i said im no expert but im reading up on the subject and finding it rather interesting!

[lofty]

Good Idea!

Lofty

[GREENGRASS]

wiley did you get the microscope from lidl.

[Wiley]

yes greengass

[GREENGRASS]

did you get to register your software ok when you set it up.

[Wiley]

i havent put it on the pc yet mate i will let you know

[REDCHEQHEN]

Today was the first time i used the microscope.I felt it was amazing. I done a few tests at my droppings and i think i noticed a couple of coccidial oocyst or otherwise known as cocci eggs, not to many thank god! I havent set up the USB port to connect microscope to the pc yet!

 

However wondering if possibly a sub forum or sticky thread could be made were fanciers using the microscope can take photos of there samples and possibly ask for other people advice and what they notice as im sure everyone will miss just one thing?Just an idea as i think it will be good to help each other out?As i said im no expert but im reading up on the subject and finding it rather interesting!

 

Good idea

[THE FIFER]

yes would be good i have mine on my pc, so should be just like sending photos to ur mini site i would think.

[Guest]

;D excellent idea Wiley , any guidance would be a great help ! will have to wait till xmas to try mine out though!                andy 8)

[THE FIFER]

;D excellent idea Wiley , any guidance would be a great help ! will have to wait till xmas to try mine out though!                andy 8)

 

 

is it a christmas presy andy, i like mine must get the kit from boddy and ridewood as i just muck about with it yet, great things though,

 

 

[REDCHEQHEN]

;D excellent idea Wiley , any guidance would be a great help ! will have to wait till xmas to try mine out though!                andy 8)

 

me too  ;D ;D ;D ;D

its still 'a surprise'   ;) ;D

[Wiley]

i tell ya fifer i had some really good fun i was looking at all random stuff for at least 2 hours !

[Guest]

;D what " kit" from b&r Fifer ?   i thought everything was in the 1 box?       andy   8)

[REDCHEQHEN]

 

 

is it a christmas presy andy, i like mine must get the kit from boddy and ridewood as i just muck about with it yet, great things though,

 

 

Are you talking about a testing kit?

You can make your own flotation liquid from sugar and/ or salt

 

long cotton buds for throat swabs can be got off the internet, microscope slides cheap on e-bay, as are pipettes

[Wiley]

i bought my floatation of boddy and ridewood. Do u need long cotton buds couldnt u use the small ones??

[REDCHEQHEN]

Short ones not long enough - here is where I got mine from a while ago - and it was free p&p (don't know if still is) £3 for 100

 

http://www.firstaidforfeet.com/Products_Misc.asp

 

they are a few items below the rubber gloves   ;) ;D ;D ;D

[THE FIFER]

i tell ya fifer i had some really good fun i was looking at all random stuff for at least 2 hours !

 

yes i pick up all sorts of objects and have a look at them, feathers, leaves, hair out my head, etc etc. :) :) :) its good connected to ur pc.

 

 

[Wiley]

Hi still think there should be some sort of sub forum built for this. Here are my first pictures using the microscope like i said i dont have the trained eye, but if anyone can help me will be very grateful as im still getting to grips with the tool.

[Wiley]

dont know if the pictures are good enough

[aarden]

looks like my last kebab

[lofty]

these are coccidia oocysts!

Lofty

PS bottom left of frame 00006 resembles round worm egg

but is a bit out of focus so may be empty oocyst of any old bit of cr*p

has no 'polar caps' so isn't capillaria worm egg

[Wiley]

thank you very much lofty i thought it was cocci oocysts! i just wasnt sure! Thanks as im only learning,and lofty uve taught me abit already! Thanks mate

[blue bar]

looking at colin walkers book thy are cell chambers with starch granules

8) 8)

[Silverdale Lofts]

Wiley looking at the pics i would get them on baycox for 2 days have you wormed the birds?