PARAMIXOVIRUS !!!

[DOVEScot]

Para may refer to:

 

Para-, in English, is an affix of Greek and Latin origin meaning beside, near, past, beyond or contrary

Para Dog-faced Bat, a bat species from South and Central America

Para Loga, one among the seven Logas (seven upper worlds) in Ayyavazhi mythology

Para-Ordnance, a firearms manufacturer located in Toronto, Ontario

Parapraxis or Freudian Slip (Fehlleistung) is an error in speech, memory, or physical action that is believed to be caused by the unconscious mind.

Para-quaternions, expression from algebra in mathematics

Para Red, is a chemical dye

Pará rubber tree, often simply called rubber tree

Para Spiny Rat, a species from South America

Para-statals, state-owned corporations that play a major role in the government and economy of many countries around the world

Para (Marattia salicina), a fern found in New Zealand and Norfolk Island

Para isomer in chemistry, a type of arene substitution pattern

André Cordeiro, a Brazilian water polo player who is nicknamed Pará

The suffix 'para' is used after a noun in Assamese to define a village or a town. e.g. Goalpara

A member of the Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)

Para- isomers of benzene rings have attached chemical groups separated by two unsubstituted carbon atoms

Abbreviations

Philippine Amateur Radio Association

Pan American Rugby Association

PARA Pan American Championship, the major international rugby tournament held in the Americas, organized by the Pan American Rugby Association

Peoples Action for Rural Awakening

Entertainment

Para abajo, a dance movement in salsa

Para-balloon, a tool for games or a series of games around this tools

Para Handy, the anglicized Gaelic nickname of the fictional character Peter Macfarlane, a character created by the journalist and writer Neil Munro

The Tales of Para Handy, a Scottish television series

Para Para, a popular Japanese solo dance

Para Para Paradise, a video series, showing various dancers doing Para Para

Para Toda Vida (2001), an album by The New Amsterdams

People

Para Draine (born 1972), American female boxer

Places

Grão-Pará, was one of the two Portuguese vice-kingdoms in South America

Pará, one of the states of Brazil

Para District, a district in the north of Suriname (country in South America)

Pará River (Portuguese: Rio Pará), the southern arm of the mouth of the Amazon River

North Para River, through the Barossa Valley in South Australia

South Para River, South Australia

South Para Reservoir, the second largest reservoir in South Australia

Electoral district of Little Para, an electorate for the South Australian Legislative Assembly

Little Para River, through Salisbury in South Australia

Little Para Reservoir

Para, Purulia is a town, community development bloc and assembly constituency in Purulia district in the Indian state of West Bengal

Currency

Para (currency), various currency units

Para means "money" in Turkish and other languages influenced by Turkish in their history (including Serbian and Bulgarian)

Para was a subunit of Ottoman currency

Para was 1⁄40 of the Romanian leu

Para is 1⁄100 of the Yugoslav dinar and Serbian dinar

Para was 1⁄100 of the Montenegrin perper

In other languages

Para means "money" in Turkish

Para is short for paratrooper in French.

Para means "stop" in Portuguese and Spanish

Para in Bengali, a word which means a neighbourhood or locality

Para is a preposition in Portuguese and Spanish meaning "for,"

Para means "cow" in Hebrew

Para means "pair/couple" in Russian and Polish

Para means "steam/vapor" in Polish, Slovak, Serbian, Bulgarian

Para is the term for a 1⁄30 portion of the Qur'an in Urdu, Hindi, and Persian (the equivalent Arabic term is جزء, juz', "part")

Para Shakti (Sanskrit,) "the great or supreme or light or heat force"[1].

Para Tattva, a Sanskrit phrase meaning “Supreme Truth"

 

 

[mark]

you must have to much time on your hands.

 

Para-, in English, is an affix of Greek and Latin origin meaning beside, near, past, beyond or contrary

Para Dog-faced Bat, a bat species from South and Central America

Para Loga, one among the seven Logas (seven upper worlds) in Ayyavazhi mythology

Para-Ordnance, a firearms manufacturer located in Toronto, Ontario

Parapraxis or Freudian Slip (Fehlleistung) is an error in speech, memory, or physical action that is believed to be caused by the unconscious mind.

Para-quaternions, expression from algebra in mathematics

Para Red, is a chemical dye

Pará rubber tree, often simply called rubber tree

Para Spiny Rat, a species from South America

Para-statals, state-owned corporations that play a major role in the government and economy of many countries around the world

Para (Marattia salicina), a fern found in New Zealand and Norfolk Island

Para isomer in chemistry, a type of arene substitution pattern

André Cordeiro, a Brazilian water polo player who is nicknamed Pará

The suffix 'para' is used after a noun in Assamese to define a village or a town. e.g. Goalpara

A member of the Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)

Para- isomers of benzene rings have attached chemical groups separated by two unsubstituted carbon atoms

Abbreviations

Philippine Amateur Radio Association

Pan American Rugby Association

PARA Pan American Championship, the major international rugby tournament held in the Americas, organized by the Pan American Rugby Association

Peoples Action for Rural Awakening

Entertainment

Para abajo, a dance movement in salsa

Para-balloon, a tool for games or a series of games around this tools

Para Handy, the anglicized Gaelic nickname of the fictional character Peter Macfarlane, a character created by the journalist and writer Neil Munro

The Tales of Para Handy, a Scottish television series

Para Para, a popular Japanese solo dance

Para Para Paradise, a video series, showing various dancers doing Para Para

Para Toda Vida (2001), an album by The New Amsterdams

People

Para Draine (born 1972), American female boxer

Places

Grão-Pará, was one of the two Portuguese vice-kingdoms in South America

Pará, one of the states of Brazil

Para District, a district in the north of Suriname (country in South America)

Pará River (Portuguese: Rio Pará), the southern arm of the mouth of the Amazon River

North Para River, through the Barossa Valley in South Australia

South Para River, South Australia

South Para Reservoir, the second largest reservoir in South Australia

Electoral district of Little Para, an electorate for the South Australian Legislative Assembly

Little Para River, through Salisbury in South Australia

Little Para Reservoir

Para, Purulia is a town, community development bloc and assembly constituency in Purulia district in the Indian state of West Bengal

Currency

Para (currency), various currency units

Para means "money" in Turkish and other languages influenced by Turkish in their history (including Serbian and Bulgarian)

Para was a subunit of Ottoman currency

Para was 1⁄40 of the Romanian leu

Para is 1⁄100 of the Yugoslav dinar and Serbian dinar

Para was 1⁄100 of the Montenegrin perper

In other languages

Para means "money" in Turkish

Para is short for paratrooper in French.

Para means "stop" in Portuguese and Spanish

Para in Bengali, a word which means a neighbourhood or locality

Para is a preposition in Portuguese and Spanish meaning "for,"

Para means "cow" in Hebrew

Para means "pair/couple" in Russian and Polish

Para means "steam/vapor" in Polish, Slovak, Serbian, Bulgarian

Para is the term for a 1⁄30 portion of the Qur'an in Urdu, Hindi, and Persian (the equivalent Arabic term is جزء, juz', "part")

Para Shakti (Sanskrit,) "the great or supreme or light or heat force"[1].

Para Tattva, a Sanskrit phrase meaning “Supreme Truth"

 

 

 

[Roland]

Are different altogether ... Mind niether is likely to show up in any droppings... Samonella has a slight chance when the moon is blue... is between the linings of the bird.

[Roland]

Salmonellosis is difficult to diagnose, even with the help of a good laboratory. Since salmonella are excreted only occasionally, one would need to send in dropping samples collected at various times. I realize that this is time and effort consuming but it's well worth it.

 

 

Droppings Analysis:

If you would like to know if your birds are well? Send in samples of your bird’s droppings and them  analyze. On the day you plan on mailing the droppings to us, this is the best day to collect them. The freshest droppings is what we want. Go from perch to perch, collect some off the floor or in the nest box. Put these fresh droppings in 2 ziplock bags. We want a heaping tablespoon in each bag. Put these 2 ziplock bags in a padded envelope, available at the Post Office or office supply store. Do not mail the droppings in a regular envelope. We will have these droppings tested and in 3 or 4 days after we get the samples, we’ll call you with the results. It would be helpful if you could describe your pigeon’s health problems. If only 1 bird is sick, you can bet the others are also sick but not showing symptoms yet.

 

An over abundance of Klebsiella pneumoniae are very often associated with Circovirus. Most avian Vets familiar with pigeon disease automatically look for this in young pigeons these days. If your Vet did not check the Bursa of Fabricius, you might suggest that he do so with one of your non-thrifty youngsters asap. I would be very surprised if this is not at the root of your problem. normally this is done post-mortem. If you have a youngster that seems weak, not thriving or obviously ill, I would take it to him. Ask him to specifically check for Circovirus. You may want to ask him if the last tests checked for Paratyphoid (Salmonella), Adenovirus, Herpes Virus, Paramyxovirus, Streptococcus, Coccidiosis, elevated levels of E-Coli, parasites or Orthinosis (Chlamydia). If not, have him do so with the new sample. Given your description above, I would strongly suspect Circovirus is the primary foundational culprit that is destroying the immune system of the birds and opening them up to secondary illnesses.

 

Humans infected with this bug often have a compromised immune system due to other reasons.

The only problem with a possible circo-virus infection is that there is no real treatment for it except supportive care like keeping stress levels as low as possible.

[Guest IB]

What is Newcastles disease?      Thanks  jimbobboy

 

Newcastle disease is the 'original' one and was a disease affecting poultry only in my day. Seems it first appeared in Newcastle, and that's how it got its name.

 

Virus cannot make an exact copy of itself, and somewhere along the way virus that causes Newcastle disease  'mutated' (in the 1980s?) and became 'a disease of pigeons'. Its Sunday name is PMV Type 1 pigeon variant, which we know as paramyxo..  

[OLDYELLOW]

Just a thought , as Paramixovirus is flu like , it may have had the ideal conditions to spread i.e damp and humid weather that we all have had this season and last .

[DOVEScot]

you must have to much time on your hands.

 

Para-, in English, is an affix of Greek and Latin origin meaning beside, near, past, beyond or contrary

Para Dog-faced Bat, a bat species from South and Central America

Para Loga, one among the seven Logas (seven upper worlds) in Ayyavazhi mythology

Para-Ordnance, a firearms manufacturer located in Toronto, Ontario

Parapraxis or Freudian Slip (Fehlleistung) is an error in speech, memory, or physical action that is believed to be caused by the unconscious mind.

Para-quaternions, expression from algebra in mathematics

Para Red, is a chemical dye

Pará rubber tree, often simply called rubber tree

Para Spiny Rat, a species from South America

Para-statals, state-owned corporations that play a major role in the government and economy of many countries around the world

Para (Marattia salicina), a fern found in New Zealand and Norfolk Island

Para isomer in chemistry, a type of arene substitution pattern

André Cordeiro, a Brazilian water polo player who is nicknamed Pará

The suffix 'para' is used after a noun in Assamese to define a village or a town. e.g. Goalpara

A member of the Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)

Para- isomers of benzene rings have attached chemical groups separated by two unsubstituted carbon atoms

Abbreviations

Philippine Amateur Radio Association

Pan American Rugby Association

PARA Pan American Championship, the major international rugby tournament held in the Americas, organized by the Pan American Rugby Association

Peoples Action for Rural Awakening

Entertainment

Para abajo, a dance movement in salsa

Para-balloon, a tool for games or a series of games around this tools

Para Handy, the anglicized Gaelic nickname of the fictional character Peter Macfarlane, a character created by the journalist and writer Neil Munro

The Tales of Para Handy, a Scottish television series

Para Para, a popular Japanese solo dance

Para Para Paradise, a video series, showing various dancers doing Para Para

Para Toda Vida (2001), an album by The New Amsterdams

People

Para Draine (born 1972), American female boxer

Places

Grão-Pará, was one of the two Portuguese vice-kingdoms in South America

Pará, one of the states of Brazil

Para District, a district in the north of Suriname (country in South America)

Pará River (Portuguese: Rio Pará), the southern arm of the mouth of the Amazon River

North Para River, through the Barossa Valley in South Australia

South Para River, South Australia

South Para Reservoir, the second largest reservoir in South Australia

Electoral district of Little Para, an electorate for the South Australian Legislative Assembly

Little Para River, through Salisbury in South Australia

Little Para Reservoir

Para, Purulia is a town, community development bloc and assembly constituency in Purulia district in the Indian state of West Bengal

Currency

Para (currency), various currency units

Para means "money" in Turkish and other languages influenced by Turkish in their history (including Serbian and Bulgarian)

Para was a subunit of Ottoman currency

Para was 1⁄40 of the Romanian leu

Para is 1⁄100 of the Yugoslav dinar and Serbian dinar

Para was 1⁄100 of the Montenegrin perper

In other languages

Para means "money" in Turkish

Para is short for paratrooper in French.

Para means "stop" in Portuguese and Spanish

Para in Bengali, a word which means a neighbourhood or locality

Para is a preposition in Portuguese and Spanish meaning "for,"

Para means "cow" in Hebrew

Para means "pair/couple" in Russian and Polish

Para means "steam/vapor" in Polish, Slovak, Serbian, Bulgarian

Para is the term for a 1⁄30 portion of the Qur'an in Urdu, Hindi, and Persian (the equivalent Arabic term is جزء, juz', "part")

Para Shakti (Sanskrit,) "the great or supreme or light or heat force"[1].

Para Tattva, a Sanskrit phrase meaning “Supreme Truth"

 

 

 

I wish, then again do not ask Chickadee for her opinion ;)

[kaybee]

PPMV 1 is the name(generalisation) given to paramyxovirus in pigeons but there are different antigen strains of the virus. Be very careful which vaccine you use, when you first use and how often you use.

[jimmy white]

to all out there in pigeon fancier world,,,,,,,is para a pigeon only disease or not ?

 

para,,,,,,,,,,what?

[Guest strapper]

PPMV 1 is the name(generalisation) given to paramyxovirus in pigeons but there are different antigen strains of the virus. Be very careful which vaccine you use, when you first use and how often you use.

 

can u enlighten us more on this?

 

 

[Guest IB]

PPMV 1 is the name(generalisation) given to paramyxovirus in pigeons but there are different antigen strains of the virus. Be very careful which vaccine you use, when you first use and how often you use.

 

It is the very nature of a virus, basically 'one part' of a strand of DNA that needs to invade a body cell to steal 'another bit of DNA' from it, so that the virus can reproduce itself. The new 'offsping' is obviously genetically different from its parent - it is a new strain of the virus which may be weaker or more dangerous than the parent. We talk about the AIDS virus, but because of this imperfect reproduction, there are hundreds of different strains of it.

 

The current 'veterinary thinking' is that young pigeons should be vaccinated at 3 weeks (with Colombovac) or 5 weeks (with Nobilis) - but again dependant upon when the parents were vaccinated, as passive immunity 'passed on' to the youngster can prevent the vaccination from taking effect. This is preparing it in some way?, introducing it to a tamed virus at an early age, to better prepare it for others, especially Circovirus (pigeon equivalent of AIDS virus) which can damage the bursa before it has constructed its own half of the immune system, thus leaving that bird with an immune system ill-equipped to deal with even mild infection.  So the quicker the bursa is protected the better all-round protection the bird will have.

[Guest Vic]

The "Para" prefix means , (as dovescott says.) the infections can travel by air.

[Guest chrisss]

now i know what the rules say about "jabbing" every year, but do you guys think it needs to be done or is it just a way for the "druggies" to get more money from us,and is that the reason why they cannot get a "lifetime" jab done?

[jimmy white]

I think people get 'para' mixed up

 

paratyphoid (bacterial)

 

paramyxovirus (virus)

 

i agree with this,  as there is a great difference , as stated  above , bacterial ,,v ,,,virus ,,,,,,,,,,thats why im asking ted ,,,,,,para  what ? ;D.

 

im curious as to what  vic said " para" means can travel by air [thats para_chute ;D,sorry ,couldnt resist ;D]   but seriously ,,i thought" virus" travels by air [airborne],,,   but     " bacterial "   is caught , by excactly that,,[,bacteria] ???   am i right or wrong???? :-/ :-/ :-/

[Guest Vic]

Jimmy. I am going back to the days when we were all sold up the river (or down)  by the pharmaceutical brigade. We have all suffered ever since.  WE WERE ALL TOLD AT THE EMERGENCY MEETING, THAT PARA MEANT AIRBORNE, BY THE BOFFINS AT THE TIME. I WILL NEVER FORGET, ALBERT TARLETON SIDING WITH EVERY WORD THEY SAID. 30 YEARS (NEAR ENOUGH) they still have us by the short hairs, and why not?

SINCE WE STARTED NEEDLING OUR BIRDS, THINGS HAVE GONE WORSE, AND IN MY OPINION, THE NEEDLING OF OUR BIRDS HAS CREATED A PRESENT YB CRISIS THAT WILL REMAIN WITH US FOR YEARS TO COME.SOME SORT OF MUTATION HAS HAPPENNED WITHOUT DOUBT. BLAME ELECTRONICS IF YOU WANT, BUT I SINCERELY BELIEVE THAT OUR BIRDS HAVE BECOME CARRIERS OF SOMETHING THAT THE VETS HAVE NOT SORTED OUT YET.    

[Novice]

salmonella , as anyone can tell u, has similar symptoms .

one sign of para is black stringy poop in water like puddles. this is infact brought on by the kidneys affected., but there are reports that some are experiencing similar symptoms to it but without the so called head twisting ...maybe a new strain developing?

 

I spoke to Tom Pennicoat on this subject last year and he confirmed that the disease has changed and birds do not necessarily show the head twisting symptom.

 

[Guest chrisss]

Jimmy. I am going back to the days when we were all sold up the river (or down)  by the pharmaceutical brigade. We have all suffered ever since.  WE WERE ALL TOLD AT THE EMERGENCY MEETING, THAT PARA MEANT AIRBORNE, BY THE BOFFINS AT THE TIME. I WILL NEVER FORGET, ALBERT TARLETON SIDING WITH EVERY WORD THEY SAID. 30 YEARS (NEAR ENOUGH) they still have us by the short hairs, and why not?

SINCE WE STARTED NEEDLING OUR BIRDS, THINGS HAVE GONE WORSE, AND IN MY OPINION, THE NEEDLING OF OUR BIRDS HAS CREATED A PRESENT YB CRISIS THAT WILL REMAIN WITH US FOR YEARS TO COME.SOME SORT OF MUTATION HAS HAPPENNED WITHOUT DOUBT. BLAME ELECTRONICS IF YOU WANT, BUT I SINCERELY BELIEVE THAT OUR BIRDS HAVE BECOME CARRIERS OF SOMETHING THAT THE VETS HAVE NOT SORTED OUT YET.    

 

there is not a bit of this post that i would  disagree with at all, who knows what the long term effects of constant jabbing is doing along with all of the other stuff we all say that our birds need, if you combine the "vac" with some of the other junk we stuff them with, god only knows what the cocktail is doing to them [yes i know i am only a novice but combining different drugs together cannot be a good idea long term]

[Guest ljb107]

I think now they are just wobbly on their feet like their drunk!  8)

[Guest IB]

Think it's important not to roll all these issues together, cos folk just get confused. So I've seperated it out for clarity.

 

(1) airborne virus

 

Think the work the forum did on bird flu proves beyond doubt that this is a fallacy. Even if they are on a particle of dust enveloped in moisture, virus cannot survive the drying-out effects of wind & sun, and UV sun light destroys them too. You only need to look at DEFRA website on 'Countryside' and you will see this in 'black & white'. Mick saw that and reported it to Peter Bryant at time. I published a paper on here, translated from German, where Dr Erhard Kaleta said exactly the same - from his experiments with an AI virus.

 

What can happen is an infected bird (or person) sneezing & coughing clouds of virus all over you, or another bird, and you or the bird breathing it in - that is the meaning of airborne spread, i.e. close proximity, contact, not blowN miles in the wind. So para = parachute = total nonsense.

 

(2) annual jabs

 

There is a movement amongst veterinary profession which sees the annual vaccination of companion animals as unnecessary and perhaps harmful. They have convinced the UK Government to do research into it and vaccination generally. It is expected to run for 6 years and started 2 years? ago.

 

(3) short & curlies

 

Agreed. And another may be in the pipeline for us - vaccination against bird flu. Newcastle / Paramyxo and bird flu outbreaks mean restrictions for us. These restrictions are contained in one and same ND/AI Contingency Plan which applies throughtout Britain. If bird flu jabs become compulsory, then we must not make the same mistake twice, we must negotiate a trade-off. Yes, we will reluctantly accept compulsory vaccination BUT vaccination MUST guarantee NO RESTRICTIONS ON RACING PIGEONS.. and it must give longer lasting protection than a single year.

 

 

[jimmy white]

Jimmy. I am going back to the days when we were all sold up the river (or down)  by the pharmaceutical brigade. We have all suffered ever since.  WE WERE ALL TOLD AT THE EMERGENCY MEETING, THAT PARA MEANT AIRBORNE, BY THE BOFFINS AT THE TIME. I WILL NEVER FORGET, ALBERT TARLETON SIDING WITH EVERY WORD THEY SAID. 30 YEARS (NEAR ENOUGH) they still have us by the short hairs, and why not?

SINCE WE STARTED NEEDLING OUR BIRDS, THINGS HAVE GONE WORSE, AND IN MY OPINION, THE NEEDLING OF OUR BIRDS HAS CREATED A PRESENT YB CRISIS THAT WILL REMAIN WITH US FOR YEARS TO COME.SOME SORT OF MUTATION HAS HAPPENNED WITHOUT DOUBT. BLAME ELECTRONICS IF YOU WANT, BUT I SINCERELY BELIEVE THAT OUR BIRDS HAVE BECOME CARRIERS OF SOMETHING THAT THE VETS HAVE NOT SORTED OUT YET.    

 

,my opinion excactly ,, why not inject once as yb,s ??  my vets opinion on this is,, "they need a small booster jab each year after that"   but,, does that suit the vet,, or the birds  

[Guest IB]

I posted earlier on a paper I had published. This is an extract. Note that while he talks mainly about bird flu virus, in the conclusion Dr Kaleta also refers to NDV which is Newcastle Disease virus. So it applies equally well to Paramyxo:-

 

On The Ability Of Avian Influenza A-Viruses To Survive

 

By the term ‘tenacity’, we mean the retention of the ability of a sickness causing agent  to infect and reproduce outside of an animal under natural conditions.  This characteristic can also be denoted as the agent's  ability to resist in the face of external influences.  AIV is produced in great quantities in infected birds and shed in droppings as well as secretions from the eye conjunctiva, nose and throat.  If this newly formed virus reaches a receptive animal within a short period, and under favourable conditions, an infection will follow via the upper respiratory tract and the digestive tract, followed by illness.  If no receptive animal is reachable, the virus will perish within a certain period i.e. it loses its ability to infect and reproduce.  Illness cannot be caused by an inactivated virus.

 

Knowledge of the speed of inactivation and the conditions under which such an inactivation occurs is of high significance for the spread of the agent and for diagnostic investigation. (Boehm, 2002).  It is known from many studies that the destruction of the infectiousness of every influenza A-virus is dependent on several factors.  At the same time, these studies show that infectiousness abates in a logarithmic manner.  Experience shows that temperature, humidity, pH value and structure as well as the chemical composition of the surrounding environment are of particular importance in the abatement of the infectiousness.

 

The higher the temperature, the quicker the destruction of the infectiousness will occur.   In recognition of this fact, the treatment of infected material with heat is established practice, whereby heat can be produced through pasteurisation (King, 1991), boiling, burning or in the laboratory through autoclaving.  Under more natural conditions, heat can also be produced through composting and this is also regarded as effective practice. (Anonymous, 1997, Bergdorf, 1989; Beher and Gerdes, 2003).  According to announcements by The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, AIV will be completely inactivated through exposure to 56oC for three hours or 60 oC for 30 minutes (OIE Disease Card, 2004). On the other hand, when freezing AIV, it will retain its infectiousness, to a degree in direct relation to the temperature of freezing, for very long periods (months to years).

 

The humidity in the area surrounding the virus is likewise of high importance for the ability of AIV to survive.  All influenza A-viruses are initially in a watery phase after being shed by infected animals.  In water (pools, drinks, liquid manure) AIV survives for long periods of time.  On the other hand, AIV is particularly susceptible to drying out.  Loss of water occurs through drying out of the virus on its surfaces or through heating.  In sugary and salt water but also in animal tissue, including muscles (Swayne and Suarez 2000), the infectiousness remains intact for weeks to months.

 

The PH value of the humidity surrounding the virus has a direct influence on the ability of the AIV to survive.  An acidic environment destroys the infectiousness, while a neutral or weak alkaline environment stabilises the reproductive ability of the AIV.  The natural maturation of the flesh which accompanies the reducing PH value, is not enough in relation to the flesh of birds, to destroy the infectiousness of the AIV within a commensurate period of time.

 

The structure and composition of the environment in which the AIV is situated, likewise has an effect on its stability.  Proteins have a stabilising effect. On the other hand, oxygen and UV rays destroy the infectiousness.  (Steet-Mund and Mahnel, 1980).  Emulsification in fat or fat-protein mixtures retain the infectiousness.

 

 

From these remarks, the following fundamental conclusions can be drawn:

 

1     The inactivation of the AIV outside of a susceptible animal results from a complex process, in which, under practical conditions, only factors which are difficult to control take part, such as temperature, humidity, pH-value, UV rays and oxygen environment.

 

2     The abatement of the infectiousness occurs logarithmically.  It is therefore clear that the complete elimination of infectious AIV, at least theoretically, cannot be achieved.

 

3     The time factor is of utmost importance in relation to all measures to eliminate AIV in contaminated materials.

 

It is down to the wisdom, expertise and experience of those people who are concerned with the elimination of highly pathogenic AIV (and NDV) to make the correct considerations and to come to quick, professional, sound decisions in specific occurrences of a pandemic.

 

 

[Guest strapper]

one thing has always bothered me about us vaccinating yearly....why cant they introduce an injection for para that lasts a lifetime like the tb injection we humans have?

i think its all a money making scheme that makes the companys thousands each year so why bring out one vaccine for ever .

on the matter of injections..i know someone who injected...only to later on have signs of para and have his y/bs very ill .

is the vaccination we use today starting to really be any good?...or is it because we inject regularly its weakening to an extent we need a new stronger vaccination? to combat any change in this disease.

i wonder how many diseases have developed into different diseases(stronger/different)then before...are we looking at a new battleground for our birds to face?

all i know is that so many reports from fanciers stating their birds are being ill for longer then it used to take to get over these diseases...where will it stop?.