frank1 Posted October 20, 2008 Report Posted October 20, 2008 Below is a listing of the most common diseases of pigeons. just thought i would post this for any new starter or any old hand 1) Canker – Trichomoniasis Causes and Clinical Signs Canker is due to a parasitic organism called Trichomonas colombi and three forms are recognised affecting the pharynx, navel and internal organs respectively. The majority of adult pigeons are symptomless carriers of the organism but clinical cases may occur if the bird is under stress and in young pigeons the disease may be severe and even fatal. The disease is spread from adults to squabs in the crop milk and between pigeons by the oral route. A. Pharyngeal Form Cheesy yellow deposits are seen on the membranes of the pharynx at the back of the mouth. The deposits can affect food intake and also breathing. Severely affected birds are depressed, food intake is reduced and they become emaciated. Affected birds may have diarrhoea. Water intake may increase. B. Navel Form This form occurs in young birds that are affected in the nest box from affected crop milk dripping onto the nest box floor. A typical cheesy yellow deposit is present under the skin at the navel and it may spread from here to the internal organs. C. Internal Form The internally affected organs include liver, crop and lung in which the cheesy yellow deposits may be found. The clinical signs of the internal form vary depending upon the organ involved but usually diarrhoea and emaciation are a feature of this condition. Diagnosis Diagnosis has to be based on the clinical signs in the living birds. Samples of crop smears are positive in the majority of adult birds and diagnosis is dependent on the number of organisms present. Post mortem examination of cadavers will give a positive diagnosis of the internal form. The disease needs to be distinguished from Pox, Tuberculosis, Aspergillosis and Salmonellosis. Treatment Dimetridazole is very effective against Trichomonas. All susceptible and in contact birds would be treated for a period of seven days. In some a broad-spectrum antibiotic or multi vitamin may be recommended. Prevention No flock can be permanently kept free of this organism. Due to its severity in young birds we recommend a treatment of all birds at the end of the flying season and the treatment of adults for a period of five to seven days after egg laying and before the squabs are hatched. 2) Coccidiosis Causes and Clinical Signs Coccidiosis is due to a parasitic organism that affects the birds intestines. Two types of coccidia affect pigeons, Eimeria columbanum and Eimeria labbeanna. The clinical disease due to these organisms is identical. Most adult birds are affected to some degree but only when large numbers of parasites are present is treatment necessary. In young birds and adults under stress an acute form of the disease may be seen. The organism affects the lining of the gut causing diarrhoea and blood may be present. Affected birds are depressed, rapidly become emaciated and may die. The Coccidia in the gut produce ‘Oocysts’, which are passed out in the faeces. These mature in the environment and will then affect other birds if ingested. Diagnosis Microscopic examination of faeces is necessary to diagnose the disease in live birds. As many birds have a low level of disease it is the number of Oocysts present which is important when arriving at a diagnosis. The disease needs to be distinguished from Salmonellosis, Trichomoniasis, bacterial gut infections and worm infestation. Treatment Treatment for Coccidiosis will be dispensed by the veterinary surgeon as necessary. Follow up medication with antibiotics or multi vitamins may also be beneficial. Prevention Good hygiene in the loft is essential, as is the provision of clean uncontaminated food and water. If birds show signs of diarrhoea an Oocyst count would be advised. Routine faeces analysis before pairing is also recommended. 3) External Parasites Causes and Clinical signs Ticks, mites and lice can all live on the body of pigeons and will cause damage of varying degrees depending on the type and severity of infestation. Anaemia, feather damage, respiratory problems (air sac mites) and poor growth in young birds may all result from external parasite infestation. Some external parasites spend their whole life cycle on the bird and spread is by direct bird to bird contact e.g. mange mites, plumage lice, feather mites, quill mites and scaly leg mites. Other parasites spend most of their time in the environment only visiting the pigeon to feed e.g. red mites and ticks. Diagnosis Ticks are common during the warm summer months and are visible to the naked eye. Mites are very small and can rarely be seen by the naked eye. If infestation is suspected samples need to be submitted to the laboratory for microscopical examination. Lice are just visible to the naked eye – if in doubt their presence can be confirmed by microscopic examination. The red mite spends it days in cracks and crevices of the pigeon loft only visiting the pigeon at night to feed. Where cases of anaemia or reduced performance and agitation are obvious in birds external parasites should be suspected and regular visual inspection of the birds should be undertaken to identify the presence of ticks and lice. Treatment Treatment of birds with a parasiticide together with a thorough cleaning and disinfection of premised is necessary where external parasites cause problems. External parasites are a particular problem to young birds. Thorough cleaning of the loft before the breeding season together with any treatment of the birds if examination shows them to be infected would be recommended. Prevention Regular cleaning and disinfection of the loft will help control the population of external parasites. 4) Ornithosis Causes and Clinical Signs Ornithosis is due to a micro-organism called Clamydia. It is susceptible to antibiotics like bacteria but lives within and destroys body cells like a virus. Clinical signs vary from poor performance to an acute disease causing a marked conjunctivitis, decreased appetite, respiratory disease, diarrhoea and death. The acute form is particularly prevalent in young birds and older birds under stress. In some cases the conjunctivitis can lead to secondary bacteria infection of the eye resulting in blindness. Recovered birds are likely to carry the disease and subsequently spread it to other pigeons. Diagnosis Diagnosis of this disease in the live bird is difficult and must rely heavily on the clinical symptoms present. Blood tests will identify birds that have been exposed to the organism but are not a good indication of the present disease status. Where dead birds are available, samples from the liver or spleen can give a positive diagnosis in the laboratory. The disease needs to be distinguished from Mycoplasma infection, Haemophylus infection and “One Eyed Coldâ€. NOTE There is a very real danger of this infection being transmitted to man. Pigeon fanciers who suffer from a prolonged flu-like disease are recommended to consult their doctor who should be aware of their contact with pigeons. Where cases are diagnosed in pigeons the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) must be informed. Treatment Due to the danger of human infection, the risk to young birds and the fact that chronically infected birds are more prone to other diseases, the treatment of affected birds with Chlortetracycline for an adequate period is essential. Treatment lengths of 30 to 60 days would be recommended. The use of multi vitamin may also be advised. Prevention No specific measures are available to prevent the condition. Try to maintain birds in good bodily condition and make sure the loft is regularly cleaned and disinfected. If the disease is suspected veterinary advice should be sought. 5) Paramyxovirus Causes and Clinical Signs Paramyxovirus infection is due to a virus known as PMV3. Affected birds will at first have an increased thirst and will pass liquid faces - this may be followed by nervous signs. The nervous signs seen include paralysis, torsion of the neck and uncoordinated body movements – not all these signs will necessarily occur in each affected bird. Diagnosis Diagnosis is based largely on the clinical signs and it can be confirmed by blood tests. The disease needs to be differentiated from Salmonellosis, other causes of wet droppings and other causes of nervous signs including poisoning. Treatment As this condition is due to a virus no specific treatment is available. Antibiotics and multi vitamins may be used if the birds are under stress. Prevention As treatment of Paramyxovirus is unrewarding due to the absence of useful antiviral agents, prevention of this disease is very important. There are vaccines licensed for use in pigeons in the U.K. Timing of Vaccination The best time to vaccinate young birds is during the last two weeks of March and the first week of April. The young birds should be at least 3 weeks old and vaccination should be complete 10 to 14 days before the onset of the old-bird racing season. This will prevent infection of susceptible young birds by virus mechanically brought back to the loft by the older birds. If vaccination cannot be completed before the old bird racing season then young birds must be kept separate from the older birds and vaccination must be completed 10 to 14 days before the start of the young-bird racing season. The best time to vaccinate older birds is during November and December before the start of the laying season. Vaccines are given subcutaneously in the midline of the neck with the needle towards the tail of the bird. Great care must be taken to keep the needles, bottles etc as clean as possible. Needles should be changed after every ten birds or more often if they become contaminated. Take care in disposing of used needles; they should be returned to the practice in a solid container so that they can be disposed of correctly. Any post vaccine reaction in the bird should be reported immediately to the veterinary surgeon. 6) Poisoning Causes and Clinical Signs Poisoning in pigeons can be due to a wide variety of products hence the clinical signs can vary greatly but they are likely to include nervous signs, diarrhoea, depression and sudden death. Poisoning may be from substances encountered away from the loft e.g. Organo Phosphorous compounds or substances found around the loft e.g. Phenolic compounds, vermin baits and veterinary medicines used incorrectly. Where poisoning is suspected then any dead birds together with a full clinical history should be submitted to the practice. 7) Pox Causes and Clinical Signs Pigeon pox is caused by a virus infecting the bare skin around the eyes, on the beak, on the feet and internally within the mouth and throat area. On occasions infection of a wound on a feathered area of the body can occur. The lesions are typically scabby in appearance with pus often being present due to secondary bacterial infection. The internal form can be so severe that feeding and breathing are affected to the point that death occurs. Lesions typically occur 4 to 14 days after initial infection and may be present for several weeks. Diagnosis This is based on the clinical signs – the internal form affecting the mouth and throat may need a laboratory diagnosis to confirm this condition. The disease needs to be differentiated from canker with which the mouth form could easily be confused, and from Candida infection caused by a fungal infection of the mouth. Treatment As with paramyxo this condition is due to a virus and no specific treatment is available. Antibiotics may be used under veterinary direction to combat secondary infections and multi vitamins may be of benefit in some birds during the recovery phase. Prevention As no specific treatment is available the prevention of the disease by vaccination is very important. All birds over six weeks old should be vaccinated and vaccination should be done in all birds at the same time. Annual re-vaccination should be done between the 30th September and the 31st December each year. If birds are vaccinated at any other time of the year it is important that they are withheld from racing for a period of six weeks after vaccination. Vaccination of young birds in Spring would be advised in lofts where pigeon pox is endemic. The pox virus is very resistant and will remain infective for many months. It can be transmitted by biting flies and other insects. As a result good loft hygiene is important in the control of the disease. 8) Mycoplasma Causes and Clinical Signs Mycoplasma infection is endemic in the pigeon population and the majority of pigeons will be affected by the organism. The Mycoplasma organism is bacteria-like in many of its properties and for diagnostic purposes it can be cultured on a special media in the laboratory. Stress conditions favour the developments of the clinical disease in birds. The principle clinical finding is one of catarrh and initially there is a clear nasal discharge which in time becomes thicker due to the presence of pus. Affected birds may breath through open beaks and clear rattles and wheezes may be detected when the bird is examined. The disease appears to lower the bird’s resistant to other disease and chronic infection can markedly affect performance due to respiratory problems. Internally the air sacs can be seen to be affected and secondary bacterial infections can occur at this site. Diagnosis The clinical presence of catarrh together with respiratory sounds are highly suggestive of this condition. Reduced performance in an otherwise healthy bird may also suggest that Mycoplasma is present. Post mortem examination shows typical signs in the respiratory system and the organism can be cultured in the laboratory. Treatment Suitable antibiotic medication with Enrofloxacin, Tilmicosin, Tetracyclines, Tylosin or Tylamulin is effective against uncomplicated cases of Mycoplasmosis. These antibiotics may be prescribed by a veterinary surgeon where their use is indicated by the presence of disease. Prevention The disease spreads rapidly from pigeon to pigeon. Prevention is very difficult as birds mix with birds from other lofts during the racing and show season. Eradication for any length of time is hence virtually impossible. The organism is easily killed by most disinfectants used to clean lofts. In lofts where the disease is known or suspected to be clinically present strategic use of suitable antibiotics at times of stress may be recommended by a veterinary surgeon, e.g. when young birds are being raised and at the end of the racing season. 9) Salmonellosis Causes and Clinical Signs Salmonellosis is caused by a bacterial infection and a number of different strains of Salmonella are capable of causing disease in pigeons. The disease is particularly severe in young birds and can be introduced into a loft by an apparently healthy carrier bird that can excrete the organism in faeces or saliva but which shows no clinical signs of disease itself. Young birds can be affected from crop milk or affected faeces. Salmonellae most commonly affect the intestinal tract. Affected birds have enteritis which may be blood stained, they are depressed, rapidly become dehydrated and emaciated and death quickly follows if they are not treated. It is possible for Salmonellae to enter the blood stream and a generalised infection will result. On post mortem examination the organism can be recovered from various body organs. In addition to the two forms of Salmonella recorded above cases are seen where the organism localises in one or more joints. Affected joints are swollen and painful and movement of the joint is lost due to the pain involved. If the organism localised in the brain nervous signs will be seen depending upon the area of brain involved. Diagnosis Laboratory testing is required to confirm a diagnosis of Salmonellosis. Positive cases must be reported to the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) under the Zoonosis order. The disease needs to be differentiated from other causes of diarrhoea (viruses, other bacteria, parasites etc) injury to the joint and other causes of nervous signs including Paramyxo-virus and poisoning. Where dead birds are available for post mortem examination cultures from the birds should determine whether or not the organism is present. In live birds faecal and mouth swabs may detect the organism but as birds can be intermittent excreters a single negative result does not definitely preclude the presence of Salmonella. Note: Most strains of Salmonella can cause disease in man. This can be very serious in the young, old and debilitated. Strict personal hygiene after handling birds and loft equipment and before eating /smoking is therefore essential. Prevention. Isolate newly introduced birds and if there is any doubt have faeces and mouth swabs cultured for Salmonella. Good loft hygiene will reduce spread within the loft and where a loft is known to be affected then an eradication and control programme, which will depend upon conditions in the loft and facilities etc., needs to be agreed with the attending veterinary surgeon. 10) Worms Causes and Clinical Signs. Worms are intestinal parasites that can affect birds of all ages but due to some degree of resistance in older birds the more extreme clinical signs are more commonly seen in the younger birds. In mild infestations clinical signs may not be obvious. Weight gain in young birds may be adversely affected and in more severe infestations diarrhoea, depression and loss of condition, even emaciation, may be obvious, as may anaemia. Two types of worms affect pigeons, Roundworms and Tapeworms. Both large and small Roundworms will inhabit the bird’s intestine and these worms pass their eggs into the gut and these are voided by the pigeon in its faeces. In the environment these eggs develop and are then ingested by the other pigeons. Tapeworms require ‘intermediate hosts’ and these include snails, slugs and insects. Within these creatures the eggs develop and when swallowed by a pigeon another mature Tapeworm can develop. Diagnosis. In the live bird worm egg counts on faeces are a reliable indication of the level of infestation. Visual and microscopic examination of gut contents can identify worms post mortem. Treatment. Either water or food medication is available to treat for roundworms, treatment for Tapeworms is not as easy. We recommend that all birds in a loft are wormed at the end of the racing season and again before pairing and at other times when egg counts show worming to be necessary. Prevention. Regular removal of faeces from the loft (every other day) is recommended as is the control of insects that may be intermediate hosts of the Tapeworm. A programme of regular worm egg counts should be started and birds treated when the counts show this to be necessary. Routine treatment of birds after the flying season and before pairing will help reduce the worm burden for young birds. 11) Haemophillus. Cause and Clinical Signs. Birds infected with Haemophillus bacteria suffer from a severe conjunctivitis, which affects both eyes. In this condition the eyelids are markedly swollen and there is purulent discharge. Affected birds often show respiratory signs due to infection of the upper respiratory tract. The disease spreads by direct contact and droplet infection from one bird to another. Diagnosis. Diagnosis is on clinical signs and laboratory culture from the eyes or nasal discharge. Treatment. As this is a bacterial infection a suitable antibiotic such as a Tetracycline can be prescribed by a veterinary surgeon once the disease has been confirmed. Prevention. Isolation of suspect infected birds together with a correct diagnosis and suitable treatment is necessary to prevent the rapid spread of this condition in a loft once an infected bird is present. did any one no lose of weight in ornithose Ornithose Complex: Part 1 - Chlamydia Signs: conjunctivitis, decreased performance, respiratory difficulty, fluffed, anorexia. Transmission: ingestion or inhalation. Pathology: swollen liver, grotty air sacs, sinus infection. Diagnosis: Clearview Test, Chlamydia culture, Special stains. Treatment: reduce dust, eliminate wet litter, Psittavet powder in water. Ornithose Complex: Part 2 - Pasteurella Signs: nasal discharge, eye wiping, swollen sinus, occasionally a head tilt. Transmission: direct contact, faecal contamination, inhalation. Pathology: swollen liver and spleen, diarrhoea, sinusitis. Diagnosis: culture of slit, post mortem samples. Treatment: Psittavet powder, Trimethoprim Sulfa powder. Ornithose Complex: Part 3 - Mycoplasma Signs: nasal and eye discharge, chronic sinusitis, eye wiping. Transmission: inhalation, ingestion, lifelong carrier state. Pathology: mild airsac infection. Often underlying other disease conditions Diagnosis: special cultures from choanal slit. Treatment: Spectovet powder and Psittavet powder. Salmonella: Signs: increased drinking, increased water output. Difficulty breathing. Fluffed. Dead in shell and dead at hatch, dying young birds, joint infections (eg: one wing droop, one leg lameness ). Transmission: faecal contamination of feed and water, semen, ovary and egg shell transmission. Pathology: pus in joints, liver and spleen congestion. Diagnosis: cultures of faeces, gut, organs, joint fluid. Treatment: Antibiotics based on cultures or Trimethoprim Sulfa combinations. Cull any bird with joint disease. Increase level of hygiene. E.coli: Signs: slimy green mucoid droppings, fluffed, anorexia, odd death, nasal discharge, squab deaths, weight loss, poor performance. Transmission: ingestion, inhalation, through egg. Pathology: swollen liver and spleen, enteritis, some air sac infection. Diagnosis: culture of liver, vent, lungs, gut. Treatment: based on culture results. Treatment may not be necessary if management is improved. E.coli. is often secondary to viral infections. Candida: Signs: mouth inflammation, crop inflammation and thickening, enteritis, delayed crop emptying. Transmission: in population all the time, secondary to other factors, regurgitative feeding. Pathology: thickened crop, smelly crop contents, weight loss. Diagnosis: yeast bodies seen in smears from crop, gut or faeces. Treatment: Aviclens ( flock ), Nystatin( individuals ). Trichomonas: Signs: mild strains - erosion of the “curtainâ€, mild throat inflammation severe strains- “wet cankerâ€, cankers in the throat and nostrils. Possible cankers( abscesses ) at navel, vent and eyes. Very smelly breath, dehydration, weakness, breathing difficulties, weight loss, death. Transmission: regurgitative feeding, faecal contamination of water. Pathology: “curtain†erosion, cankers ( abscesses) in throat, on skin, in liver etc. Diagnosis: microscopic examination of crop contents or throat swab. Treatment: Ronivet 4 Pigeons. Given in drinking water, administered directly to crop or powder applied directly to cankers in throat. Coccidia: Signs: signs usually limited to juveniles - slow race performance, anorexia, weight loss, excessive urine output, dehydration Transmission: faecal contamination of food and water. Pathology: enteritis in young birds. Diagnosis: dropping examination. Treatment: Coccivet in water. Improve hygiene and prevent recontamination. Note: all these common pigeon diseases use dropping contamination or inhalation as a major way of spreading. Reducing faecal load in the loft and maintaining water and air purity are the best ways to prevent the diseases affecting the flock.
The Navigator Posted October 20, 2008 Report Posted October 20, 2008 Nice one Frank. This will be helpful to beginers to get an understanding of such things.
ChrisMaidment08 Posted October 20, 2008 Report Posted October 20, 2008 reading that lot wonder why we keep up but they grow on you once had never forgotton
OLDYELLOW Posted October 20, 2008 Report Posted October 20, 2008 Great post for novice and Old hand especialy when your gettin on and forgeting things lol , well done Frank
frank1 Posted October 26, 2008 Author Report Posted October 26, 2008 CAPILARIOSIS CAUSAL AGENT: Capillaria obsignata Is considered that this parasite is present in 50 % of the pigeons, but particularly is more sensible in the young animals. SYMPTOMS: A slight infection practically does not produce symptoms, only diminution in the sport perfomance. But if the infection is serious, youngsters can die one week after starting the disease. DIARREA ----> THINNING -----> DEATH DIAGNOSE: Idem ascaridiosis. TREATMENT: Idem ascaridiosis. (NO PIPERAZINA) PROPHYLAXIS: Idem ascaridiosis TENIASIS Of this infection I only want to reveal that it is important as prophylaxis, to fight all the intermediate hosts (larvae of mosquitos, cockroaches, weevils, slimy, snails, etc) the tapeworms or the ring of tapeworms are sometimes visible in the sewer of the pigeon. It is common that they appear in pigeons that been have lost for a certain period. The treatment is individual - Niclosamida. CANDIDIASIS Or MUGUET Some authors describe this disease together with the trichomoniasis and others speak of an associate micotic disease due to Vitamin A deficiency. CAUSAL AGENT: a fungus: CANDIA ALBICANS SYMPTOMS: White or yellowish spots (easy to give off) in all the mucosa of the mouth and the throat. TREATMENT: Topic applications with iodine povidona to 10% or weak iodine dye (diluted with glycerin) in the spots. Administer Vitamin A. PROPHYLAXIS: - AVOID THE PROLONGED STORAGE OF FOODS - GIVE SUNSHINE TO THE GRAINS BEFORE FEED - VITAMIN A - LOFT DISINFECTION ASPERGILOSIS CAUSAL AGENT: A fungus, Aspergilium fumigatus. It reproduces quickly in the straw of the nests, or in the humid food. SYMPTOMS: It is an infection of the group of the respiratory diseases. It appears under two forms: PULMONARY FORM: Respiratory difficulty (disnea) Greenish excrescences on the tongue and palate. DERMATOLOGIC FORM: Bare skin and with fractures of pens TREATMENT: NONE. Does not exists one that is effective PROPHYLAXIS: Dry and well aired loft. Avoid the humidity in the food. Disinfection (iodo povidona)
frank1 Posted October 26, 2008 Author Report Posted October 26, 2008 DEFICIENCY AND METABOLIC DISEASES Within this group of infections I have included the ones which produced by deficiencies (of vitamins, minerals salts or amino acids) and tumors. VITAMINS AND THEIR DEFICIENCIES It is practically impossible to produce a hipervitaminosis or overdose of vitamins. All the ingested excess, the animal the metabolises and eliminates it. DEFINITION: The existing vitamins are organic substances in foods, incapable to be synthesized by the organism in adequate quantities being used in small doses, for the normal functioning and maintenance of the organism and health. According to this definition, vitamins must be supplied periodically in order to prevent upheavals. VITAMINS: (necessities per day and pigeon) VITAMIN A: 200 UI VITAMIN D3: 45 UI VITAMIN E: 1 mg VITAMIN C: 0.7 mg VITAMIN B1: 0.1 mg VITAMIN B2: 0.12 mg VITAMIN B6: 0.12 mg NICOTINAMIDE VITAMIN B12 0.24 mg BIOTIN: 0.002 mg PANTOTECNIC AC.: 0.36 mg FOLIC ACID: 0.014 mg VITAMIN A: Action: Indispensable in the formation of the sanguineous capillaries. Form leaves from pigments of the retina (eye). Acts in the formation of all the epithelial coatings. It is used helping in infectious and antiparasitic diseases. Is also used as anti-stress substance and following the vaccinations. Deficiency: Sometimes it leads to the destruction of the eye (it is resembled to criza). Viscous exudate in the nasal graves. Patognomónicas are considered the nodules or white pustules as large as a pin head that are seen in post-mouth, pharynx, origin of the esophagus and stomach. VITAMIN D The organism animal synthesizes it from the ultra-violet rays, so its very important of the sun in the loft. Action: Its fundamental action is to promote the absorption and fixation of calcium and phosphorus in the skeleton. Deficiency: Deformation of the breastbone. Fragile bones. Eggs with thin and soft rind. Fragile peak and soft nails. Delay of the growth. Problems in the plumage. A prolonged deficiency leads to the " raquitismo " (rháchîtis = to meager) VITAMIN E Action: It acts in the maintenance of the reproductive function of the birds. It increases the fertility of eggs. Deficiency: It can produce: Encefalomacia: motor upheavals and ventral flexion of the head. White muscular dystrophy, striae throughout muscular fibers of pectoral muscles. VITAMIN K Action: It takes part in the normal process of the coagulation of the blood. Its used helping in the treatments of diseases that produce anaemia (coccidiosis, etc.) Deficiency: causes hemorrhages----> Anaemia VITAMIN C: It is practically the only vitamin that the organism of the birds can synthesize in sufficient amounts. Action: Its main action is to form and to maintain the intercellular material. Also it acts in the spare part of calcium and phosphorus. Its used like antistress and helping in parasitic infectious diseases. VITAMIN B1 Or TIAMINE:> Action: It is the anti-neuritic vitamin (antinervous) Its also necessary in the metabolism of carbon hydrates. Deficiency: It can produce: - Nervous symptom, paralysis of the legs and the muscles. - Atrophy of the genital devices VITAMIN B2 RIVOFLAVINE: Deficiency: diarrea Delay in the growth Paralysis of the legs, supports the tarsos and doubles the fingers inwards VITAMIN B6 Or PIRIDOXINE: Deficiency: Anorexy (loss of appetite) Delay in the growth Nervous symptoms: spasmodic convulsions, jumps. NICOTINIC ACID Or NICOTINAMIDE: Action: Essential in the metabolism of carbon hydrates (sugars) Deficiency: It can produce: Inflammations in mouth, pharynx, and esophagus. Inflammation of the knee and to hoop the legs. BIOTINE: Deficiency: It can produce dermatitis in the legs (rough legs, with crack and necrosis) FOLIC ACID: Deficiency: It can produce: - Anaemia. - Delay in the growth - Problems in the plumage, - PEROSIS: It is a joint deficiency with the lack of manganese (Mn). Produces a landslide of the sinew of the gastronemious outside the bony pulley of the tarsius joint therefore the bones suffers a torsion outwards. (most of the times a single leg) PANTOTENIC ACID: Deficiency: The symptoms are very difficult to separate of the symptoms caused by the deficiency of Biotine. - Dermatitis - Breakage of the pheaders - Perosis - Delay in the growth VITAMIN B12 Or CIANOCOBALAMINE: Action: It is the so called antianemic vitamin. Along with Copper and the Cobalto, are indispensable in the formation of the elements of the blood (eritropoyesis) Deficiency: Delay in the growth Anaemia Upheavals in the moulting Low in the fertility of eggs. It is important to say that all the vitamins of group B are less stable than the others (they oxidize quickly) for that reason must be used in amounts that are daily consumed and not to leave them in the water throughs until the other day. It is also important to know that the vitamins of group B, act to each other interrelated, therefore the deficiency of one of them means that we must provide the called " B Complex ".
frank1 Posted October 26, 2008 Author Report Posted October 26, 2008 MINERAL SALTS DEFINITION: Indispensable substances for many processes of the animal organism. In the nature they are under different salts form. It is important to say that when we provide mineral complexes to the birds these regulate their ingestion according to their necessities. Next some of the most important minerals and its main action within the organism of the birds: SODIUM (Na) It acts in the absorption of the water and its later elimination (diuresis) CALCIUM (Ca) and PHOSFORO (P) Are fundamental along with vitamin D in the formation of the bones POTASSIUM (K) Acts in the operation of the cardiac muscle (cardiac tone) Also acts on the diuresis. MAGNESIUM (Mg) It is related intimately with Ca and P. IODINE (I) Is fundamental for the normal operation of the gland thyroid. MANGANESE (MN) Necessary for the growth and the reproduction. Its deficiency as we saw before causes PEROSIS COPPER (Cu) and COBALT (Co) Are fundamental together with the B12 vitamin, in the eritorpoyesis (this means formation of the elements of the blood: globules) IRON (Fe) Essential component and the hemoglobina of the blood. AMINO ACIDS DEFINITION: They are substances that the animal organism synthesizes from ingested nitrogen, being these the base of the formation of proteins. (a protein is a chain of amino acids). The essential amino acids are those that the organism does not synthesize in suitable amounts to maintain the growth or the normal nutrition, so they must appear in the diet that we give our birds. Next I detail to the 10 essential amino acids and their requirements by pigeon and day: (necessities per day and pigeon) METIONINA 0.09 grs LESINA 0.18 grs VALINA 0.06 grs LEUCINA 0.09 grs ISOLEUCINA 0.055 grs FENILALAGNINA 0.09 grs TRIPTOFANO 0.02 grs ARGININA HISTIDINA TREONINA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CHEMOTHERAPY ANTI-INFECTIOUS CLASS NAME ACTION DOSE TOXICITY SINTETICS SULFAMETOXAZOL Bactereostátic P.O.: 100mg/pigeon/day Can form renales crystals TRIMETROPIN Bacteriostátic P.O.: 10-20 mg./pigeon 200 mg/litre of water Use combined with sulfametoxazol FURALTADONA FURAZOLIDONA Bacteriostátic Bacteriostátic P.O.: 7.5 mg/pigeon/day Ample active specter against micoplasma ENROFLOXACINA Baytril MR Bactericidal P.O.: 5-10 mg/pigeon 200 mg/litre of water Ample active specter against micoplasma BIO-SINTETICS Or ANTIBIOTICS AMPICILINA AMOXICICLINA Bactericidal Not recommend its use in birds TILOSINA Tylan Mr Bacteriostátic P.O.:12-25 mg/pigeon Indicated in micoplasmosis NEOMICINA Bactericidal P.O.:5-25 mg/pigeon Used in infectious diarreas ESTREPTOMICINA Bactericida P.O.:50-100 mg/pigeon Previous item CLORANFENICOL Bacteriostátic P.O.:50 mg/pigeon/2 per day Prolonged administration causes fatal anemia. CLORTETRACICLINA Bacteriostátic ample specter P.O.:15-25 mg/pigeon day/1-1.5 g/litre water Retire the grit during its administration ANTIMICOTICS NISTATINA Nstatin MR Candidaysis P.O.:100.000u/litre water during 3 weeks KETACONAZOL Candidaysis P.O.:12-15 mg/pigeon 2 x day/15 days ANTI-PARASITES (ANTI-HELMINTHIASIS) (helminthiasis - to have worms in the intestines) CLASS NAME ACTION DOSE TOXICITY AGAINST NEMATODES ROUND WORMS AGAINST TAENIAS PIPERAZINA Ascaris adults P.O.:0.5 g/pigeon/2days LEVAMISOL RIPECOL mr Ascaricida Capilaricida P.O.:10-20 mg/pigeon, 2 days~400 mg/litre water, repeat at 15 days Can produce temporary vomits. IVERMECTINA Ivomec MR Parasites internal and external P.O.: 0.1 mg/pigeon repeat at 10 days MEBENDAZOL Ascaris capilária and Taenias P.O.:5-7 mg/pigeon/ 2 days Can diminish the fertility and affect plumage in the moult ALBENDAZOL Vermix A MR Ascaris capilaria and Taenias Previous item NICLOSAMIDA Taenias P.O.:100 mg/pigeon TRICHOMONICIDAS METRONIDAZOL Trichomonas P.O.:20-25 mg/pigeon 5 days 1gr/litre of water DIMETRIDAZOL EMtril MR Trichomonas P.O.:525mg/pigeon 5 days/0.5 gr/litre An overdose is very toxic RONIDAZOL Trichonazol MR Trichomonas P.O.:2 mg/pigeon 5 days/ in water 2gr/litre COCCIDICIDAS SULFAQUINOXALINA Coccidios P.O.: 50mg/pigeon 0.25 g/litre water. Give 3 days rest 3 and repeat 2 days more Produces calculations at renal level SULFAMERAZINA Coccidios P.O.:1.5 g/litre of water Previous item SULFADIMETOXINA Coccidios P.O.:0.5 g/litre of water Previous item CLAZURIL Coccidios P.O.: 2.5 mg/pigeon 1 day Low or null toxicity TOLTRAZURIL Baycox MR Coccidios P.O.:7-15 mg/pigeon 2 days Previous item AMPROLIUM Coccidios P.O.: 20 mg/pigeon
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